Active U.S. Large Cap Managers Could Be Poised to Outperform

• Recent market conditions have posed formidable challenges for active U.S. large‑cap equity managers seeking excess returns relative to their benchmarks.
• By early 2022, the S&P 500 Index reached concentration and valuation levels not seen since the technology bubble of the late 1990s.
• Historically, returns for active U.S. large‑cap managers typically were stronger after S&P 500 concentration and valuation extremes as those conditions unwound.

Here at T. Rowe Price, we believe strongly that skilled active management can enhance investment returns over the long run. However, we also know that some shorter‑term market environments historically have offered greater potential for active outperformance. In our view, recent conditions in the U.S. large‑cap equity space appear to create just such an opportunity.

Our research has identified several broad equity market environments in which active managers, as a group, historically have been more likely to generate positive excess returns relative to their benchmarks. These include:

• Volatile markets: Active U.S. equity managers typically have had a higher chance of outperforming when market returns have been erratic and/or negative.¹
• High dispersion: When return correlations within a benchmark are low, active managers may find greater opportunities to add value through security selection or sector rotation.
• Broad market breadth: As a group, active managers generally seek to limit portfolio concentration. This can hurt relative performance when a handful of large stocks are leading the market, but generate positive excess returns if the largest stocks lag behind.
• Top‑heavy valuations: Just as index returns can be driven by a small group of very large stocks, so can index valuations. If these valuations correct, active managers may benefit from not being concentrated in the most expensive names.

S&P 500 Index Has Become Concentrated in Expensive Stocks
(Fig. 1) Capitalization weight and relative valuation of top 10 names*

In recent years, prevailing market conditions tended to work against active equity managers as a group. Powerful gains for major U.S. large‑cap benchmarks, such as the S&P 500 Index, were disproportionately driven by a small number of mega‑cap growth stocks. Excluding the pandemic‑related sell‑off in 2020 (which was followed by an exceptionally rapid recovery), market volatility generally remained low, as did return dispersion within large‑cap indexes.

As a result, the S&P 500 Index reached concentration and valuation levels not seen since the technology bubble of the late 1990s (Figure 1). As of April 30, 2022, the 10 largest stocks in the index accounted for almost 28% of total market capitalization, a 10 percentage point increase from the end of 2015. The valuation premium for those same top 10 stocks (as measured by their average forward 12‑month price/earnings (P/E) ratio relative to the index as a whole) reached 10 times earnings, nearly double its level at the end of 2019.

In this environment, a number of active large‑cap stock pickers—those who sought to identify attractive opportunities across the broader market—underperformed their benchmarks.

Given the challenges that a relatively top‑heavy and expensive U.S. large‑cap market has posed for active managers, we thought it would be interesting to look at their subsequent relative performance following such episodes in the past. Our analysis suggests that highly concentrated and/or richly valued markets may create environments in which skilled active management potentially can benefit as those conditions unwind.

Active Performance Historically Was Stronger After High S&P 500 Concentration
(Fig. 2) Average forward 12‑month excess returns for active U.S. large-cap managers based on weight of top 10 stocks

Historical Performance Analysis

Figures 2 and 3 break down relative performance results for active U.S. large‑cap equity managers in the eVestment universe that were benchmarked to the S&P 500 Index. The results shown cover a more than 33‑year period ended January 31, 2022.² Excess returns within the group were ranked by percentile, with the 95th percentile denoting the best‑performing managers in the large‑cap category and the 5th percentile indicating the worst performers.

In Figure 2, excess returns relative to the S&P 500 Index are shown for all 12-month rolling periods covered by the study and for 12-month forward periods after the S&P 500 reached various levels of concentration in its 10 largest stocks. Our study found that the relationship was strong and generally consistent, especially for top‑performing managers.

• Forward 12‑month excess returns were significantly stronger for managers in the top quartile (75th percentile and above) following higher levels of index concentration.
• For managers in the top two cohorts (90th and 95th percentiles), forward excess returns were particularly strong after index concentration was very high (>22.5% in the top 10 stocks).
• Forward excess returns for the managers in the lowest quartile (25th percentile and below) were largely unchanged after moderate levels of concentration, but worsened after concentration hit extreme levels (>25% in the top 10 stocks).

High Valuation Levels Also Were Followed by Strong Active Performance
(Fig. 3) Average forward 12‑month excess returns for U.S. large-cap managers based on valuation of top 10 stocks

The same trends are visible in Figure 3, which sorts excess returns for U.S. large‑cap active managers based on the valuation premium awarded to the 10 largest stocks in the S&P 500. Here, forward 12‑month excess returns for most percentile groups were significantly higher after top 10 valuations were elevated, but weaker for the lowest manager percentiles.

We believe these results make intuitive sense. Other things being equal, the tendency for many active managers to underweight the largest and most expensive stocks in their benchmarks can be expected to detract from relative performance when markets are rewarding those factors, but boost excess returns if the largest and most highly valued stocks eventually fall out of favor.

Similarly, the greater the skill that active managers show in recognizing and avoiding the pitfalls of excessive concentration and overvaluation, the more likely they are to benefit when underlying investment fundamentals reassert themselves, in our view.

However, the potential for active management to outperform when markets have become extremely concentrated doesn’t necessarily require being underweight the largest and most expensive stocks across the board.

Since highly concentrated markets can remain that way for extended periods—or grow even more concentrated—we believe it’s important to have an active view on the largest securities in order to position a portfolio for how markets might evolve.

Changes in market concentration also may not affect all securities equally, so an active manager potentially may be able to benefit from relative positioning among the largest securities, particularly in markets where security correlations are low and there is higher return dispersion.

T. Rowe Price’s Active Performance

An examination of a group of T. Rowe Price’s U.S. large‑cap equity composites shows that, on average, they typically performed well following periods of extreme market concentration and overvaluation.

The left panel in Figure 4 shows average forward 12‑month excess returns for a group of our U.S. large‑cap equity composites over a 26‑year period ended December 31, 2021.³ Here again, the relationship was linear, with higher levels of S&P 500 concentration associated with higher rates of excess return.

The performance pattern was similar for index valuations (right panel in Figure 4). The richer the valuation premium for the 10 largest stocks in the S&P 500, the higher the forward 12‑month excess return average for the group of T. Rowe Price U.S. large‑cap equity composites. In our view, this speaks well of our large‑cap investment process’s ability to add value over the long run, in part by avoiding excessive exposure to concentration and valuation risks.

On Average, T. Rowe Price U.S. Large-Cap Equity Composites* Historically Performed Well After S&P 500 Concentration and Valuation Levels Were High
(Fig. 4) Average forward 12‑month excess returns

Implications for Future Returns

The potential for skilled active management to enhance large‑cap equity performance may be especially important for investors going forward, given the low index returns implied by recent market valuations.

Figure 5 compares forward 10‑year rolling returns (rolled monthly) for the S&P 500 with the cyclically adjusted P/E ratio (CAPE) for the index at the start of those same periods.⁴ Historically, the correlation has been negative and fairly reliable, with high CAPE associated with significantly lower forward returns.

Recent Market Valuations Imply Lower Returns
(Fig. 5) S&P 500 Index CAPE vs. forward 10‑year S&P 500 annualized return*

As can be seen, the most recent S&P 500 CAPE reading shown in Figure 5 (34.3 as of April 2022) falls far to the right, suggesting the index’s future return prospects could be limited.

If these forecasts are correct, purely passive exposures to large‑cap equity beta—i.e., to S&P 500 Index returns—may fail to generate the results that investors will need to achieve their long‑term investment objectives. This means that even modestly positive excess returns from skilled active management could make an important difference in achieving those goals.

Conclusions

Despite the sharp but relatively short market downturn triggered by the coronavirus pandemic, the S&P 500 Index performed exceptionally well in recent years. However, some of the trends driving that performance—narrow leadership and elevated valuations for the largest stocks in the index—created a difficult environment for active management seeking to add value.

More recent market developments, however, could signal a reversion toward conditions that favor closer attention to valuation and other fundamentals, potentially creating attractive opportunities for bottom‑up stock selection.

If the historical relationship we have identified between valuations and longer-term returns holds, active equity management could play an even greater role in the future in helping investors reach their objectives. By continuing to focus on the factors that we believe support long‑term relative performance, T. Rowe Price’s active U.S. large‑cap equity strategies will seek to contribute to that effort.

Composite Performance
Periods Ended March 31, 2022
All Figures in USD

¹ This issue is examined in more detail in Strategic Investing Approach Has Benefited Our Results, T. Rowe Price Insights, December 31, 2021. See in particular Figure 2, which shows that active U.S. equity managers as a group have been somewhat more likely to outperform in periods when market returns have been poor. See also: Robert Kosowski, “Do Mutual Funds Perform When It Matters Most? U.S. Mutual Fund Performance and Risk in Recessions and Expansions,” Quarterly Journal of Finance, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2011.
² These returns are based on the reported performance of 577 institutional separate account managers in the U.S. Large-Cap Secondary Universe tracked by eVestment Alliance, LLC, as of January 31, 2022. Managers were filtered based on self-reported attributes for their preferred benchmark (S&P 500 Index) and investment approach (active). The U.S. Large-Cap Secondary Universe combines eVestment’s U.S. Large-Cap Growth, U.S. Large-Cap Core, and U.S. Large-Cap Value universes. Returns represent equal-weighted averages for the composites in the secondary universe. These composites have varying inception dates, and not all composites had returns for every period covered in the study.
³ Composites included were U.S. Growth Stock Equity, U.S. Large‑Cap Core Equity, U.S. Large‑Cap Core Growth Equity, U.S. Large‑Cap Equity Income, U.S. Large‑Cap Growth Equity, U.S. Large‑Cap Value Equity, U.S. Structured Research Equity, and U.S. Value Equity. These composites were chosen due to their relatively extended track records. Two T. Rowe Price U.S. large-cap composites, QM U.S. Value Equity and U.S. Select Value Equity, were excluded because they did not have 10-year performance track records during the period studied. An additional composite, U.S. Dividend Growth Equity, was excluded because the strategy’s focus on dividend growth stocks means that its performance relative to the S&P 500 is primarily driven by those specific stocks and less by the valuation and concentration characteristics of the broad index. Excess returns were measured against the appropriate size and style benchmarks for each composite. Results represent equal-weighted averages. See Composite Performance page for additional important information about the composites used in this analysis.
⁴ The cyclically adjusted P/E seeks to adjust the ratio to reflect expected fluctuations in the economic cycle, which can create short‑term spikes in valuation during recessions and temporarily reduce valuations when earnings growth accelerates.

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